HISTORY OF EAST AFRICA(BANTU HISTORY)

HISTORY

Migration and Settlement in East Africa (1000 –1880)
BANTU MIGRATION
ACTIVITIES
Introduction
Causes and effects of bantu migration


BANTU MIGRATION
Introduction

Between 1000-1800 AD, East Africa experienced a wave of migrations from different parts of Africa. The Bantu from the Congo or the Niger Delta Basin were the first to arrive, followed by the Luo from Bahr el Ghazel in Southern Sudan and then the Ngoni from Southern Africa.
Who were the Bantu?

The term Bantu refers to group of people who speak the same or similar language with common word “NTU” which means a person. The Bantu-speaking groups include the Baganda, Banyoro, Batoro in Uganda, Kikuyu, Akamba, Meru, Embu, Taita, Giryama, Digo in Kenya and Pokomo, Chagga, Yao, Segeju, Zaramo in Tanzania, as well as many other smaller groups.
Origin

There are two versions explaining the migration of the Bantu. The first version asserts that the Bantu came from West Africa around the Cameroon Highlands and Baunchi plateau of Nigeria; therefore, this points to the Niger basin as the possible cradle land of the Bantu. The second version posits that the Bantu came from the Katanga region in Southeastern Congo. Gradually they spread eastward north of the forest and southward to the forest’s edge near the lower Congo or Zaire and lower Kasai. The occupation of the north western (Cameroon- Gabon) was fairly slow due to difference in languages. Else where especially in eastern and southern Africa beginning at the edge of the forest, the spread must have been fast due to the relationship in languages.

The study of migrations will help the learners to understand their origin and settlement patterns, appreciate the interrelationship between the different peoples of East Africa like cultures, customs, etc. They will also understand change and continuity in societies i.e. life is not static but dynamic and this explains the current movements of people to different parts of East Africa.

TASK 1: Migration to Cities: Thinking together.

The largest city in Uganda is Kampala. Like many cities in Africa its population is growing fast.

Kampala has well over 1 million people. 40 years ago it only had one-quarter of the people.

The main reason it has grown so quickly is because of the migration.

People have moved to Kampala from towns and villages in all regions of the country.

They have come from the north, west and south of Uganda.

Others have migrated from neighbouring countries like Sudan and Rwanda and from distant countries such as Somalia and India.

Others who have come from more distant countries such as Somalia and India.


Why do you think people migrate?

Work on your own, in a group or with the whole class and your teacher.

Think of reasons why people might decide to migrate from one place to another.

Write the reasons in a table, under two headings:
Push Factors
Why people might want to leave one place.

Pull Factors
Why people might be attracted to a new place.








Possible answers...
Instructions

Read the story of Ntuha and his family and do the following

a) Draw a sketch map of East Africa and show the movement of

i) Mukasa and family

ii) Nyerere and family

iii) Ngugi and family
The movement and settlement of Ntuha and his family.

1. Once upon a time, there was a man called Ntuha who lived in the Niger Congo basin. He had four wives and many children due to a number of reasons, conflicts developed among his children. There was shortage of land for cultivation and pasture for the animals due to increasing numbers of people and animals, but children loved to adventure and so they decided to leave their cradle land and moved to other places.

Most of these children moved Eastwards. One of them was Mukasa who entered E. Africa in the region between L. Albert and lake Edward. Some members of his family settled around L. George while others continued on and settled around areas located North West of Lake Victoria.

2. Another group moved and settled in Tanzania Plateau and Taita Hills.

Another group that was discontented moved northwards and settled around Mt
Kilimanjaro. There was also another group that entered East Africa between
L.Malawi and Tanganyika.

Another group led by Nyerere entered E. Africa between L. Kivu and Tanganyika and settled in central Tanzania. Other groups crossed to Eastern Uganda and Western Kenya. These settled around Mt. Elgon area

3. From Tanzania, other members moved northwards, towards Mt. Kilimanjaro and entered Kenya between Mt. Kilimanjaro and coast most of these people settled around the Kenya highlands, this group was led by Ngugi.
MAP OF EAST AFRICA SHOWING THE BANTU MIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT


Description of the Bantu movements and settlement

The Bantu is believed to have moved in four groups. These groups were; Interlacustrine Bantu, Central Bantu, Highland Bantu and Southern Tanzania Bantu.

i) Interlacustrine Bantu or Western Bantu

This group was also referred to as the lake region Bantu. They entered East Africa between L. Edward and Albert and settled in the areas North and West of L. Victoria between 1000 – 1300 AD. They were basically agriculturists. Others moved west to Kenya and Eastern Uganda.

ii) Central Bantu

These moved into East Africa between L. Edward and L. Tanganyika and first settled in Central Tanzania between 1000 –1300 AD for example, the Sukuma and Nyamwezi. Others later crossed and settled in Tanzania Plateau and Taita Hills around 1300 AD. Others moved north.

iii) Highland Bantu

These settled in the Kenya Highlands around 1600 –1800 AD. These include the Kamba, Kikuyu, Embu, Chuka. They probably moved north from the Taita hills. Some writers have suggested that about 1300 the Chuka came up from the Tana river and were the first to arrive in the Mt. Kenya area. The Embu followed them, about 1425. The last group, the Kikuyu seem to have arrived in the Muranga by the middle of the 16th Century and in Kiambu by the end of the 17th Century. The migration of the Emba further was halted by the Masaai. The migrations of the Meru and related groups probably began at the Coast.

iv) Southern Tanzania Bantu

This group entered through L. Malawi and L. Tanganyika. They are also believed to Habe come from East Africa around 1000 – 1300. This group includes the Bena, Yao, Hehe.

According to the tradition between about 1591 and 1698, the Swahili sections of Kilidini, Changamwe and Tangana moved to Mombasa and formed Kalindini town. Where they had earlier migrated from Shungwaya because of attacks by the Galla and Somali. The Segeju and various sections of the Milikenda and other Swahili groups to join the Kilindini group and related peoples on the mainland behind Mombasa later joined them.

The Pokomo and Segeju traditions also suggest the theory of dispersal from Shunguwaya. The Pokomo say that they descended from Shunguwaya Bantu immigrants. However, due to contacts with other groups, they became a mixed community with Galla, Swahili, Segeju and Somali blood. The Segeju believed that in the second half of the 7th Century the Galla attacked their ancestors. One group fled to the Lamu islands and nearby areas where they intermarried with the local Swahili to form the present Bajun or Tikuu. A second group fled to the lower Tana and ancestors of present- day Buu section of the Segeju left the lower Tana and moved to the present homes

Migration and Settlement in East Africa (1000 –1880)
BANTU MIGRATION
ACTIVITIES
Introduction
Causes and effects of bantu migration


REASONS FOR THE BANTU MIGRATION

The reasons for the migration of the Bantu are not known but they most likely included the following;

1.

Drought and famine: They moved due to the fear of famine, which broke out due to overcrowding and drought. The climate in their cradle land had become unreliable/unpredictable.

2.

Population increase which resulted into over crowding: They migrated due to population pressure, e.g. they became overpopulated in their cradle land. This led to the scarcity of grazing and agriculture land, and so they had to move to look for more land, both for agriculture and for their cattle.

3.

The constant attacks (external pressure) from stronger tribes in West Africa and the Nile valley. They moved due to external pressure, especially due to the migration of the Arabs into West Africa. The Arabs were believed to be more hostile, and so Africans were forced to move southwards.

4.

Internal conflicts from the Bantu tribes: they migrated due to internal misunderstandings/conflicts between the different clans. These conflicts concerned the ownership of agriculture area, the shortage of grazing lands and watering areas.

5.

Epidemics and diseases/natural calamities: The Bantu moved due to natural disasters, e.g. earthquakes, over flooding of rivers like river Niger, sickness, diseases such as Nagana caused by Tsetse flies, sleeping sickness e.t.c.

6. Search for fertile land: Since they were predominantly farmers, the Bantu migrated

in order to find more land which could be more fertile than the cradle land, which could no longer support them. E.g. they had changed from hunting and gathering fruits, to farming and had even discovered new crops such as yams, banana, and e.t.c

7.

Love for adventure: They moved due to their desire for adventure, i.e. they wanted to find out what was happening in other areas.

8.

Group influence: Some moved because they had seen their relatives and friends move.

9.

Need for water and pasture for their animals forced them to move.

10.

The Bantu migrated in order to export their iron-working culture. They had discovered the knowledge of iron working and had invented iron tools. These iron tools had transformed the agricultural sector by making the clearing of land fro cultivation faster and more efficient.


Effects of the Bantu Migration

The results of the Bantu migration were both positive and negative.
Positive results

The results of the Bantu migration were both positive and negative.
Positive results. The positive results include;

1.

Introduction of iron working: they introduced iron-working and the use of iron tools in the interior of East Africa were at first using stone tools but when iron-smelting was started, there was an increase in food production.
2.

Introduction of new crops e.g. yams, bananas: the Bantu introduced and increased the knowledge of food and extensive crop cultivation. Earlier on, the inhabitants of East Africa were food gatherers, but with iron smelting and its results, food production seriously started.
3.

The absorbed other tribes e.g. the gathers: This led to a widespread Bantu languages of “NTU” prefix in East Africa.
4.

They introduced centralized administration: They introduced a centralized system of government whereby the king acted as the overall ruler, under whom were the other chiefs, down to the lay person.
5.

Introduced a system of building permanent homes: They opened new land to settlement in families, clans and villages.
6.

The knowledge of iron smelting which the Bantu introduced led to the making of hoes and pangas for tilling and clearing land, the bows, arrows and spears for defense and protection.
7.

They introduced subsistence agriculture, whereby they grew enough food for home consumption, and the rest could be kept in case of shortages, or be exchanged in barter trade.
8.

They led to a rise of large states and bigger tribes in East Africa, e.g. the Baganda, Kikuyu, Nyamwezi. e.t.c

Negative effects

1.

The Bantu migration led to depopulation: This was caused by the frequent attacks made by the Bantu against the people East Africa for land, through wars. Many people died through these wars, e.g. the Zimba would attack people at the coast, kill them, and eat their fresh (i.e. cannibalism).
2.

There was loss of culture due to cultural absorption: This was brought about due to Bantu intermarrying with the non- Bantu peoples, whom they came across.
3.

There was transformation of languages into new ones: This led to the dying down of some of the Bantu languages, while others remained.


QUESTIONS

1. (a) who are the Bantu?

(b) Why did they move from their cradle land?

2 (a) Describe the movement and settlement of Bantu people in E. Africa.

(b) What were the effects of their movement and settlement on the people of East Africa.